Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

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What is eczema?

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a common skin condition characterised by inflammation, redness, and itching. It is a chronic condition that can affect people of all ages but is often seen in infants and children. It is important to realise that eczema is not contagious.

Eczema often results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with a family history of allergic conditions, such as asthma or hay fever, may be more prone to developing eczema, this is known as ‘atopic eczema’.

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Different types of eczema

There are several types of eczema, each with its own distinct characteristics. The most common types as a result of an allergen include:

Atopic dermatitis: This is the most prevalent form of eczema and often begins in childhood. It is associated with a family history of allergic conditions, such as asthma or hay fever. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by dry, itchy skin and may be accompanied by redness and inflammation.

Contact dermatitis: This type of eczema is triggered by contact with specific substances or allergens. There are two main types of contact dermatitis:

    • Irritant contact dermatitis: Caused by direct irritation of the skin from substances like soaps, detergents, or chemicals.
    • Allergic contact dermatitis: Triggered by an allergic reaction to substances like metals, latex, fragrances, or certain plants.

Symptoms of eczema

The symptoms of eczema can vary from person to person, but they often include:

  • Itching is typically associated with eczema, which can be severe and lead to scratching. Scratching, in turn, can worsen the inflammation and potentially cause infections.
  • Red or inflamed skin is a common symptom of eczema.
  • Dry and sensitive skin is often seen in people living with eczema and in some cases, the skin may become cracked and scaly.
  • Skin may become swollen or inflamed.
  • In severe cases, eczema can lead to the formation of blisters that may ooze or weep.

Although eczema can affect any part of the body, it most often affects the hands, insides of the elbows, backs of the knees and the face and scalp in children. People with atopic eczema usually have periods when symptoms are less noticeable, as well as periods when symptoms become more severe (flare-ups).

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Eczema in adults

Eczema in adults

Living with eczema as an adult can present unique challenges, but understanding the condition and adopting effective coping strategies can significantly improve your quality of life. Explore our factsheet to gain valuable insights and practical tips tailored to managing eczema in adulthood.

Eczema in children

Eczema in children

Parenthood comes with its unique challenges, and managing eczema in little ones is no exception. Our factsheet is here to provide parents and caregivers with essential information on navigating eczema in children and babies. Unlock insights and practical tips for creating a soothing environment for your precious ones.

Skin to Skin booklet

Skin to Skin booklet

Skin to Skin, is a comprehensive booklet resource designed to empower you with essential information on managing eczema and sensitive skin. Whether you're navigating your own skin challenges or supporting a loved one, this guide is your go-to resource for understanding, coping, and thriving with healthier skin.

Triggers and causes of eczema

Individual trigger factors vary from person to person and often you will find that more than one trigger factor can cause a ‘flare’ of your eczema. Some trigger factors may be easy to identify whilst others may not be so easy to work out. If you suspect something in the environment may be a trigger factor keeping a symptom diary can be helpful to work out patterns of exposure and signs and symptoms. This can be useful when speaking to your health care professional to identify potential triggers.

Food allergens and eczema

In individuals with both eczema and food allergies, consuming trigger foods may lead to allergic reactions that manifest not only in typical allergy symptoms but also in eczema flare-ups. The immune system responds to the allergenic proteins in these foods, releasing chemicals that can contribute to skin inflammation and itching.

Some foods, such as eggs and cows’ milk, can trigger eczema symptoms, but you should not make significant changes to your diet without first speaking to a GP. It may not be healthy to cut these foods from your diet, especially in young children who need the calcium, calories, and protein from these foods. If a GP suspects a food allergy, you may be referred to a dietitian (a specialist in diet and nutrition). They can help to work out a way to avoid the food you’re allergic to while ensuring you still get all the nutrition you need. If you’re breastfeeding a baby with atopic eczema, get medical advice before making any changes to your regular diet.

Allergy UK’s free Dietitian Service

We know that being a parent isn’t easy at the best of times, so when you add a poorly baby with suspected allergy into the mix, we understand that family life can become complex and emotionally challenging. If you are a parent of a child whose eczmea flare ups may be exacerbated by a food allergy, Allergy UK’s Dietitian Service provides specialist allergy advice to help inform and guide parents of children from 0-5 years old who are presenting with symptoms of food allergy.

Find out more here

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Eczema triggers, allergens and irritants

Eczema triggers, allergens and irritants

From indoor allergens, certain foods and household products, this factsheet is designed to empower you with knowledge about the common triggers, allergens, and irritants that can lead to eczema exacerbations.

Reactions to cosmetics

Reactions to cosmetics

Download our factsheet resource on allergies to cosmetics and their potential impact on eczema. Brought to you by experts, this guide sheds light on common allergens found in cosmetics and offers essential insights for those navigating eczema-prone skin. Empower yourself for a healthier skincare journey.

Reactions to hair dye

Reactions to hair dye

Hair dye allergies can cause a range of symptoms, varying from mild irritation to severe reactions. The primary culprits in hair dye allergies are often certain chemicals found in the dye formulations.

Balsam of Peru

Balsam of Peru

Balsam of Peru is commonly used in various products, including fragrances, cosmetics, and medicinal ointments. While Balsam of Peru has aromatic and healing properties, it contains a complex mixture of chemicals that can trigger allergic responses in some individuals.

Treatments for eczema

Eczema is a chronic condition, meaning that it can come and go over time. While there is no cure for eczema, various treatments are available to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by the condition. These treatments may include moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and, in some cases, systemic medications. It’s important for individuals with eczema to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a treatment plan tailored to their specific needs.

  • Emollients. Emollient lotions and creams are prescribed for treating atopic eczema and dry skin, and are, in their simplest form, mixtures of oil and water.
  • Topical steroid creams. It is sometimes necessary to apply topical corticosteroids (e.g. hydrocortisone), as these reduce inflammation in the skin caused by eczema.
  • Wet wraps. Sometimes, special pyjama-like garments (known as ‘wet wraps’) that are used for children may also help certain areas of your body that have not responded to the usual topical application of emollients and steroids.
  • Calcineurin inhibitors. Calcineurin inhibitors are an alternative to steroid creams. Like steroid creams, they reduce the skin inflammation and can lessen itching.
  • Oral antihistamines can help control itching, especially at night. Non-drowsy options are available, but some people may prefer taking them before bedtime due to the potential for drowsiness.
  • Biologics are a newer class of medications that target specific components of the immune system. Biologics are often reserved for severe cases of eczema that do not respond to other treatments. More information about biologics can be found in our information factsheet or our informative video.

It’s crucial to work closely with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan, as the effectiveness of treatments can vary from person to person. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, stress management, and proper skincare practices can contribute to managing eczema symptoms.

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Applying topical treatments: Video resource

Applying topical treatments: Video resource

In this instructive video, we break down the essential steps for applying topical creams to soothe and alleviate eczema-related discomfort. Our expert guide provides practical tips and techniques to ensure you get the most out of your topical treatments, promoting better skin health and overall well-being.

Emollients for adults with eczema: Video resource

Emollients for adults with eczema: Video resource

If you're an adult dealing with the daily challenges of eczema, our informative video on applying emollients is here to empower you with the knowledge and techniques needed for a healthier, more comfortable skin. Join us as we share essential tips and step-by-step instructions to make the most out of your emollient routine.

Emollients and steroid treatments for children: Video resource

Emollients and steroid treatments for children: Video resource

In this informative video, we break down the step-by-step process of applying emollients and steroids, offering practical tips and expert advice to make your child's skincare routine a soothing experience for both parent and baby. Watch our video guide today and make skincare a comforting experience for both you and your baby.

Biologicals and treatments for people with eczema: Video resource

Biologicals and treatments for people with eczema: Video resource

If you or someone you care about is seeking relief from the challenges of eczema, our expert video guide is here to illuminate the incredible potential of biologics in transforming the landscape of treatment. Explore the transformative potential of biologics and discover a new path to eczema relief.

Did you know...

Getting Under the Skin of Adult Severe Eczema: a survey of patients with severe eczema found that...

  • Over 80%

    Said that the management of the condition impacts their day-to-day activities

  • Nearly 1/4

    Missed more than 6 days of work per year due to their condition, whilst approximately 15% missed 16 or more days

  • Over 70%

    Reported feeling depressed as a result of their condition

How can I manage eczema?

It’s crucial to work closely with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan, as the effectiveness of treatments can vary from person to person. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, stress management, and proper skincare practices can contribute to managing eczema symptoms. You can find a whole host of useful tips on our eczema resources but here are 3 top tips to follow:

  1. Apply your emollients regularly. The chore of a twice daily skin cream regime can become annoying, especially if your symptoms have improved. But remember that the eczema symptoms have improved because the eczema is under control. Without the cream, it may flare up again. Keep up the routine so that your efforts to keep your skin healthy and hydrated do not go to waste.
  2. You could need to apply your emollients from two to four times a day. It can be useful to have extra emollients available should you need them when you are away from home. For example, keep spares at work or in the car.
  3. It is important to be aware of, and look for, the signs of bacterial infections (weeping and crusting), since the skin of eczema sufferers is more prone to infection due to the cracks and constant scratching.

How to avoid causing damage to the skin from scratching

Eczema is often itchy, and it can be very tempting to scratch the affected areas of skin, but scratching usually damages the skin, which can itself cause more eczema to occur. The skin eventually thickens into leathery areas as a result of chronic scratching. Deep scratching also causes bleeding and increases the risk of your skin becoming infected or scarred.

Try to reduce scratching whenever possible. You could try gently rubbing your skin with your fingers instead. If your baby has atopic eczema, anti-scratch mittens may stop them scratching their skin. Keep your nails short and clean to minimise damage to the skin from unintentional scratching. Keep your skin covered with light clothing to reduce damage from habitual scratching.

Avoiding triggers with eczema

A GP will work with you to establish what might trigger the eczema flare-ups, although it may get better or worse for no obvious reason. Once you know your triggers, you can try to avoid them, for example:

  • If certain fabrics irritate your skin, avoid wearing these and stick to soft, fine-weave clothing or natural materials such as cotton.
  • If heat aggravates your eczema, keep the rooms in your home cool, especially the bedroom.
  • Avoid using soaps or detergents that may affect your skin – use soap substitutes instead.

Although some people with eczema are allergic to house dust mites, trying to rid your home of them is not recommended as it can be difficult and there’s no clear evidence that it helps.

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Management tips for coping with eczema: Video resource

Management tips for coping with eczema: Video resource

Atopic eczema doesn't have to control your life. We understand the challenges you face, and we're here to offer practical solutions to help you manage and thrive. Our latest resource video is a must-watch for anyone seeking valuable insights into effective eczema management.

Caring for a baby's sensitive or eczema skin: Video resource

Caring for a baby's sensitive or eczema skin: Video resource

Caring for a baby’s sensitive skin affected by eczema requires patience, consistency, and gentle care. With the right approach and suitable products, you can help your baby thrive comfortably which is why we’ve partnered with WaterWipes to create this short video, following baby Bobby and his family as they learn how best to care for his eczema prone skin.

Bathing and showering children with eczema: Video resource

Bathing and showering children with eczema: Video resource

At Allergy UK we understand that caring for a child with eczema requires extra consideration, especially during daily routines like bath time. We're thrilled to present our video resource, "Bathing and showering children with eczema", where eczema care meets comfort for kids!

Living with eczmea

In the UK, eczema affects 1 in 5 children and 1 in 10 adults and those who are affected know that living with eczema is more than a physical challenge; it’s a journey that deeply influences both your skin and mental health, however living with eczema doesn’t mean compromising your mental health. It’s about finding balance and embracing a holistic approach to overall wellbeing.

Here are some tips to improve your mental health if you are affected by eczema:

  1. Understanding your condition is the first step. Learn about eczema, its triggers, and various management strategies. This knowledge can empower you to make informed decisions and reduce anxiety.
  2. Maintain open and honest communication with your healthcare providers. Discuss not only the physical symptoms but also the emotional impact of eczema. They can provide tailored advice and may refer you to mental health professionals if needed.
  3. Develop a skincare routine that caters to your skin’s needs. Consistency can be reassuring, and taking care of your skin can positively impact your self-esteem.
  4. Eczema and stress often go hand in hand. Explore stress-relief techniques such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or mindfulness to help manage stress and anxiety.
  5. If you find that eczema is significantly impacting your mental health, consider talking to a mental health professional. Therapy can provide a safe space to express your feelings and develop coping strategies.
  6. Regular exercise has been linked to improved mood and reduced stress. Choose activities that you enjoy and that are gentle on your skin, such as swimming or walking.
  7. Be kind to yourself. Eczema is a chronic condition, and there will be good and bad days. Treat yourself with the same care and understanding that you would offer to a friend facing similar challenges.

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The mental health impact of living with atopic eczema

The mental health impact of living with atopic eczema

Living with atopic eczema can be a journey that goes beyond the physical. Recognising the profound impact on mental health, we present our downloadable leaflet, shedding light on the crucial connection between atopic eczema and mental well-being.

Exploring the challenges of living with eczema

Exploring the challenges of living with eczema

In an Allergy UK podcast, Nurse Advisor, Holly Shaw discusses the challenges of life with eczema from a patient’s perspective with our guest speaker Stephen who has lived with eczema for many years. Stephen shares insights into how eczema has impacted his life psychologically, physically, and financially.

Eczema poster for young people living with eczmea

Eczema poster for young people living with eczmea

Living with eczema as a young person can bring its unique set of challenges, and we're here to make the journey a little brighter. Introducing our exclusive downloadable poster designed especially for young warriors like you!

Living with Eczema: Patient Resource Videos

The following videos have been developed by Allergy UK to help you understand more about atopic eczema, emollient therapies, steroid treatments and how they can help in controlling the symptoms of eczema in both adults and children.

Visit our video resource hub

Urticaria and other skin allergies

Urticaria is also known as ‘nettle rash’ or ‘hives’. This condition consists of wheals – spots or patches of raised red or white skin – each of which usually clears away in a few hours to be replaced by other fresh wheals. Urticaria is very common and affects one in five people at some point in their lives.

Find out more here

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Natalie and Callum's Story

Thanks to sponsorship from Neutral, we were able to produce a case study video with Natalie and Callum to shine the light on what it is like to live with severe atopic eczema. Despite the difficulty he has faced, Callum continues to thrive and has never let his condition get the better of him.

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