Childhood Asthma

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Symptoms

Asthma causes a range of breathing problems; the most serious of these is known as an ‘asthma attack’ where the sufferer struggles to breathe. This is caused by inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in the lungs, making it difficult to get air in or out of the lungs. The narrowing of the airways is also responsible for the tight chest, wheezy breathing and coughing that sufferers experience, particularly at night time.

Disease

Asthma is a common condition, affecting more than one million children in the UK, and can be started by a number of different triggers. While allergens such as dust mite or pets can be a trigger, viruses and environmental irritants, such as smoking are also known to trigger asthma symptoms. In some cases exercise, changes in air temperature, and stress have also been seen to cause these.

A lot of children with asthma have symptoms which may be due to allergies, and often children become sensitised to various allergens in early life. Atopic asthma can be controlled by tackling not just the symptoms but also the allergic cause.

Diagnosis

Asthma may be diagnosed via symptom history and family history, together with tests such as peak flow, which measures how effectively the lungs are working (however, this is not carried out in children under 6 years of age). Skin prick tests, blood tests, chest x-ray and simple lung function tests (all dependent upon age of the child) may also be carried out to aid diagnosis.

Asthma may be difficult to diagnose in small children as wheezing symptoms can be common in the first five years of life, and asthma can be confused with other conditions (such as viral wheeze, previously known as wheezy bronchitis). If you have any concerns about your child and their breathing always seek further medical advice, and take note if the child begins to complain when exercising, coughs at night or if their symptoms change due to cold air or changes in the weather.

Treatments

Asthma treatment depends upon the individual. However, most people are treated with an inhaler. This is called either a ‘reliever’ or a ‘preventer’ inhaler, and sometimes both types are needed at different times. ‘Spacers’ are usually given to children who may find it difficult to use inhalers, but are also recommended for use even in adults as they ensure that more of the medication is inhaled.

If asthma symptoms become worse or do not seem to be as well controlled, it is important that further medical advice is sought. Additional medications (such as short courses of steroids) may be necessary, or it may be that the technique of using an inhaler needs checking.

It is important that reliever inhalers (usually blue) are always carried with your child and are easily accessible to both the child and anyone caring for them. Nebulisers (machines that give a more concentrated dose of medication), are sometimes used in hospitals to provide rapid relief when symptoms are particularly severe.

Exercise can play an important role in improving asthma symptoms, and this together with minimising environmental triggers, at home and elsewhere, can make a real difference in the severity of the asthma condition. If you have any concerns about your child and exercise regime it is advisable to check with your treating doctor/nurse about asthma control.

Inhalers

There are different types of inhaler devices, which deliver asthma medication to the airways in either dry powdered form, or as an aerosol form with a propellant.

Most commonly, preventers(bronchodilators) are used to reduce the inflamed areas of the lungs and to prevent the symptoms of asthma occurring. They contain steroid medication to be inhaled usually once or twice a day, and work as a long term treatment to control asthma.

Relievers are used to provide immediate relief from the symptoms of asthma when they develop. These inhalers work by opening up the airways to allow more air into the lungs and make breathing easier. They do not help reduce inflammation or prevent symptoms from occurring in the future.

How to use

Remember that preventers will take a few days to work. Once your child has been established on preventer medication, he/she should only have to use a reliever inhaler occasionally or if their asthma symptoms are becoming unstable
Your healthcare professional will often recommend using a spacer device with the inhaler. This is because:

It can be tricky coordinating breathing with pushing the inhaler
Spacers allow the medicine to be given independently of activating the inhaler
The spacer also causes more of the medicine to enter the lungs (which may mean your child needs less medicine overall, which can reduce side effects). Many hospitals now use spacers for asthma attacks, rather than nebulisers, for this reason
Children sometimes stop breathing in the medicine when the aerosol medication comes into contact with the back of the throat and makes it cold. Using a spacer avoids this ‘freon’ effect

A spacer device fits over the end of the inhaler so that when the inhaler is released the medication stays in the spacer for the child to breathe it in. Spacers need some general care such as washing and replacing, as instructed
Mild asthma symptoms can be controlled with the use of an inhaler with minimal disruption to daily activities. However, parents can find it difficult to assess how well their child is using an inhaler. It is important to ensure that both you and your child fully understand the correct inhaler technique, otherwise insufficient medication may be given and treatment might not work
For babies and young children it can be useful to have a face mask to use with an inhaler and spacer, you can get your baby/child to be more co-operative when using these devices by distracting them whilst administering and also by letting them role play with dolls, etc.
If you are concerned that your child is having difficulty in using their inhaler and may not be inhaling the medication properly, check with your doctor or nurse. The nurse may ask your child to demonstrate how they take their treatment by using a dummy inhaler. The nurse can then discuss technique and any improvements that need to be made in terms of how you or your child is using the devices
Children can find some inhaler devices easier to use than others so it may be worth trying out alternatives devices. Your asthma or practice nurse will be able to help. Sometimes it is a case of trying different inhalers to see which type suits your child’s needs best
Make sure any medication is taken as prescribed and on a regular basis. As children get older and more independent, you may need to give them gentle reminders. (It may be useful to explain that if medicine is not taken regularly as prescribed then asthma symptoms can start to flare up, so preventers need to be taken even when your child is feeling well)
Always call your GP if you think your child’s symptoms are becoming worse and they are using their reliever inhaler more than usual (more than three to four times a week). A stepwise approach is prescribed where the use of medication may be stepped up or down according to need

Nebulisers

Nebulisers are used to treat emergency situations where asthma has become out of control. They used to be used in children experiencing a particularly severe attack of asthma, but research has shown that inhalers used with a spacer are as effective as nebulisers in delivering medicine. Nebulisers continue to be used by ambulance crews, some GPs and in A&E departments, as they allow oxygen to be given at the same time. However, a hospital may use an inhaler with spacer instead as doing so may allow the child to be discharged from hospital sooner.

Steroids

Many preventer inhalers are steroid based: there is now excellent evidence that using low dose inhaled steroids does not cause other health problems, such as affecting growth.

Many people worry when steroids are mentioned as a treatment option because of stories they may have heard in the media, particularly related to anabolic steroid abuse in sports. These, however, are not the same steroids that are used as medical treatments and, when used as directed by a physician, steroids have an important role to play in treating a range of ailments, including allergies.

The steroids used for the treatment of allergies are corticosteroids, and are almost identical to the natural hormone cortisol, which is produced by the body’s adrenal glands. As with any medication, it is important to follow the dosage as prescribed by a health practitioner, as over-use of any medication can be harmful.

A patient using steroids should be monitored carefully and receive regular checkups. However, low doses of steroids can be given very safely. It has been seen that many children’s lives have been saved through the use of steroids in allergy management, for instance, through the use of asthma inhalers.

Steroids work by reducing inflammation. In the case of asthma, when a patient uses an inhaler, steroids are taken directly to the lungs, thereby directly treating the area that is affected by the allergy. The steroids then reduce the swelling of the airways which is the underlying problem in asthma.

Some allergic responses involve a secondary late phase reaction after the initial allergic reaction. This second stage of allergic reaction is caused by the immune system calling further immune cells to defend the body. These cells release chemicals that further aggravate the part of the body that is already irritated from the initial allergic reaction,
and can also cause additional symptoms in other parts of the body.

Steroids, unlike anti-histamines, can reduce the symptoms of these late phase reactions, by limiting the activity of the cells responsible for releasing further chemicals in the body. In this way steroids not only reduce inflammation, but they can also stop an ongoing allergic reaction. By using steroids in this way, breathing difficulties and asthma symptoms can be reduced.

Sometimes, it may be necessary for your child to have a short course of steroids by mouth if they are experiencing a flare up of asthma symptoms which are not controlled by inhalers. However, doctors do not prescribe systemic steroids for children unless absolutely necessary. If these are prescribed for your child, you can be sure that it is part of vital treatment and should, for a short time, become part of your treatment regime. It is important that you follow the prescribers’ instructions and do not stop steroids suddenly.

A follow-up with your GP or asthma clinic is necessary to ensure your child is well recovered and the asthma is being well controlled.

If your child is on steroids for a continued period they may be given a steroid information card which notes the steroid dosage, when the treatment was started, and what condition they are being treated for.

It is important to mention that your child is on steroids to any healthcare professional who may treat your child. This should be done not only when your child is unwell, but also when healthy, but receiving other treatments such as vaccinations.

Equally, you should report any signs of your child feeling unwell, and notify anyone else who may treat your child that your child is currently taking a course of steroids.

When used in large doses over long periods of time steroids can lead to problems with growth and development. However, only the lowest dose needed to control symptoms is prescribed for people with asthma. Side effects from the use of steroids in allergy management are rare, and are well understood, and if you have any concerns about the effect that steroid treatment may be having on your child then go back to the prescribing specialist or your GP.

Anti-leukotrienes

Leukotrienes are chemicals released by the immune system that cause swelling and secretion, and can cause allergy symptoms to persist. Anti-leukotrienes work by reducing inflammation and mucus production, and work in a similar way to steroids, but with fewer side effects.

These drugs have often been used as add-on treatments alongside treatments for asthma, and rhinitis, or when skin rashes have been caused by food allergy. However, they are now being used more often as a first choice in treating asthma, and to reduce the frequency of asthma attacks on the airways.

Anti-IgE Drugs

The IgE antibodies are the most common cause of the immune system reacting to an allergen, and are responsible for initiating an allergic response. New anti-IgE drugs are being developed, which aim to take the IgE antibodies out of circulation.

A number of studies have been conducted using anti-IgE drugs as an add-on treatment for people with severe atopic asthma. They showed that the anti-IgE medication could allow some people to reduce, and even stop, their inhaled steroid treatments.

However, there has not yet been enough research performed to show if this treatment would benefit children, and exactly what the effects of such drugs may be in children’s bodies. Anti-IgE is now licensed for the treatment of severe asthma for children over 12 in the UK, but there is still a lot of work to be done to find its place in the treatment of
allergic disease.

Good Practice

Always carry your inhaler with you and your child. Even from a young age a child can be trained to know that the inhaler must go with them whenever they go out
Have a specific place in the house for the inhaler, where everyone knows it is kept, and always keep it there. Then, if your child needs the medicine, both you and they know the medication is immediately available. Make sure this place is easily accessible, but out of reach of other young children
Your child should have an individualised Asthma Management Plan where all information and treatment guidelines are recorded. Sometimes it is necessary to take an inhaler before sport or on other occasions (e.g. if a cold or hay fever symptoms make the asthma worse), so this should also be recorded on your child’s management plan. Likewise, make sure school are also aware of this
Your child may be asked to keep a peak flow diary. It can be useful to know your child’s normal peak flow meter reading. These meters are given to try to record how much air your child is able to blow out of their lungs. (They are prescribed via your GP, but are not usually used for children under five years of age.) The readings vary according to age, height and gender and can provide an early useful warning before symptoms occur. If a reading is going below the ‘norm’ for your child when they are feeling well it can mean asthma is becoming out of control, and can make you aware that you need to monitor your child to ensure they do not develop any further symptoms
Make sure you take your child to their asthma review clinic (this may be at the hospital or GP surgery). It is important that your healthcare professionals are able to monitor your child’s symptoms or look out for any problem areas such as side effects as well as advise you on new treatments and the latest research
You should discuss the need for flu injections with your treating doctor. Children with significant asthma may require this vaccination, given annually
Make sure you have a spare inhaler in case one runs out or your child loses one
Make sure anyone caring for your child (teacher, childminders, relatives or friends’ parents) knows about your child’s asthma and understands how to treat it
The inhaler should always accompany your child, even when going to the sports field. If your child is young then you can ask the teacher to take the labelled device with them if the class is moving away from their usual environment
If your child is at nursery school or with a childminder it is worth checking to find out if they are familiar with the use of inhalers, and providing them with information about asthma. Allergy UK can help to provide training information; call the helpline for details
Anyone caring for your child must have your updated telephone contact details and any other information which you consider to be important (such as triggers and things to avoid). For help with training needs please contact the Allergy UK helpline
Always label your child’s inhaler and consider a protective bag/cover if they are old enough to carry the inhaler themselves. Many children keep them in their pencil cases, and some companies specialise in small carriers which can be age appropriate and look fashionable etc.
If you are going away on holiday, make sure you have adequate medication to last or take a spare prescription with you

Tips

Taking asthma medication soon becomes a daily routine but initially, for younger children, star charts may be useful, whereas older children may prefer a reminder on their mobile phone or computer
Ask your pharmacist to estimate how long an inhaler will last, and note this in your diary, so that you can get one in advance and not worry that your child will suddenly run out of medication. If you do run out, try discussing the situation with the practice manager at your GP surgery, or your pharmacist, who may be able to help you get a prescription issued earlier without an appointment. It is vital that you do not run out of asthma medications as a delay in treating symptoms can mean more serious problems
An asthma review is a good time for praise – as well as making sure inhalers are being used correctly, it is also a time to praise a child for using it so well. Similarly, rewards for using the peak flow meter can encourage children. Using sticker books and sticker charts for young children to reward as well as review is motivating and helps children feel in charge of their treatment
To encourage use, stickers can be used to decorate the inhalers case and make it more personalised and child friendly
For slightly older children there are some books available that explain to children who have asthma, how they can cope with it. Further details are available from the Allergy UK helpline
If old enough, you can encourage your child to help record their peak flow and notice how their symptoms are (with your supervision). This is good to help them to take some control and responsibility for their condition
When your child uses their inhaler, either routinely or in an emergency, it can help them greatly for you to remain calm and praise them. By surrounding the experience with positive body language and praise they will co-operate more readily and feel secure about their treatment

Self Help

Try to avoid triggers which could make your child’s asthma symptoms worse (e.g. animal hair) and note down any new ones to discuss with your doctor
Avoid smoking around your child or allowing your child to stay in smoky surroundings if they have asthma
Exercise can play an important part for your child. Swimming and sport should be encouraged as long as your child’s asthma is under control
Think about any triggers in holiday areas such as house dust mite or pets and take your own barrier covers with you. Request a pet-free place to stay if possible, and make sure you give details to any holiday club staff about your child’s condition

Emergency Care

If your child’s asthma is becoming out of control, emergency care may be required. Make sure that you know from your doctor what steps to take during an asthma attack. These could include the use of more reliever medication than normal and encouraging the child to adopt a good position, i.e. sitting with arms leaning on a table which will help to ‘open up the airway’.

Make sure any clothing is loosened to allow the child to be comfortable. Allow your child to take one puff of the reliever inhaler every minute for five minutes. Always try to remain calm with your child and allow them to rest until they feel better. If there is no improvement after a few minutes, if your child’s condition appears to be worsening or you are concerned in any way, then call an ambulance.

You should always seek urgent medical advice day or night if asthma symptoms are not controlled.

After any asthma attack or if you feel that your child’s symptoms are not so well controlled it is important to review your child’s treatment with your GP and you should book an appointment.

Last updated: March 2012

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